Interoception and Dementia
The link between interoceptive awareness, sensory function, and dementia is complex and involves various aspects of neurobiology, cognition, and overall health. Interoceptive awareness consists of the perception of internal bodily signals, such as heartbeat, breathing, and visceral sensations. These processes are closely tied to neural networks, including the insula and the anterior cingulate cortex.
Dementia, particularly Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions, often leads to structural and functional changes in the brain, including alterations in the regions associated with interoception. Deficits in sensory processing have been linked to cognitive decline in individuals with dementia. Impaired sensory input may contribute to difficulties in perception, attention, and environmental awareness, all of which are critical for maintaining cognitive function. Interoceptive awareness and sensory function are integral to daily activities and self-regulation. In dementia, disruptions in these processes may affect an individual's ability to navigate their environment, engage in activities of daily living, and maintain a sense of autonomy. Changes in interoceptive awareness and sensory function can contribute to the behavioural and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD). Discomfort or misinterpretation of internal signals may lead to agitation, anxiety, or other challenging behaviours. Some research suggests that preserved interoceptive awareness may have a protective role in cognitive decline. Individuals with better interoceptive awareness may be more resilient to the mental effects of neurodegenerative diseases.